Wednesday, March 9, 2011

Can Stress Increase Bilirubin

Giustizia. In nome del popolo italiano.

This video
one of the last formalities of a trial held in the United States , in Knoxville, Tennessee. The representative of the prosecutor addressed the jury before deliberations.


L 'defendants, Lemaricus Davidson, was accused of having tortured, raped and then killed a young couple. On October 30, 2009 was sentenced to death.
The death penalty is unacceptable . Does not correct miscarriages of justice. With it, the state kills, albeit under the law, and thus help to make it less noticeable 's huge drama that is always the death of a man by the hand of another.
should also be emphasized that the 'extensive use of juries, when not supported by solid traditions such as the United States, is not without its drawbacks.
But, this being so, that manifested in the video is a justice that comes from the citizens' needs and responds to those of its performance.
Representatives of the prosecutors are basically simple American lawyers of the state or local governments. Directly or indirectly 'exercise of public charge is subject to the control of voters.
Here we see an organization of justice that clearly distinguishes the role and status of the prosecution than those of the judiciary. It is a distinction, albeit in different forms and with different emphases, is the rule in democracies.









Il caso italiano costituisce un' eccezione. La distinzione tra magistratura giudicante e requirente (pubblico ministero) è così debole da porre la difesa in posizione di subalternità. While the collaboration of the 'court order with the powers and constitutional bodies is not favored. Then it is difficult to enforce a specific responsibility for the mistakes made.
Montesquieu in his Spirit of Laws , demanded that the judiciary was entrusted to courts not permanent, formed by non-professionals drawn from the people. These popular temporary judges, as the French philosopher, should be only "the mouth of the law", thus creating a power invisible and null ". We must avoid it, Montesquieu thought that the court is also the legislature. Because in this case, the power over life and the freedom of citizens would be arbitrary.


The concerns of the great French are still to be shared , although the complexity of contemporary art requires the necessary space to professionalism.
According to the 'Article 101 of the Italian Constitution:

"Justice is administered in the name of the people.
Judges are subject only to the law."


In liberal terms we could say that justice must be administered in the name citizens to meet their need for protection. Nothing more and nothing less.

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Can You Pierce Areas Where Warts Are Around

Any direct intervention by Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica IN


ALCUNI INTERVENTI DIRETTI DI APOLLONIO RODIO NELLE ARGONAUTICHE


È risaputo che una caratteristica fondamentale della poesia epica antica è la completa oggettività di una narrazione in cui il poeta, per così dire, è eclissato dalla materia del canto 1 . Apollonio Rodio, invece, lungo tutto il poema dissemina interventi personali che interrompono la narrazione e che riportano il lettore all'ambiente e al mondo del poeta. Una simile situazione di rottura della dimensione temporale della narrazione si riscontra, ad esempio, in quei casi in cui Apollonio ricerca sopravvivenze del mito in this exactly as he did in his aitia Callimachus. It must be said, however, that the actions of Apollonius, as they may seem innovative when compared to the epic tradition as we know, are always placed within a narrative of which represent the poet's personal comment to the topic and a sort of sympatheia towards his characters.

The presence of the narrator of Apollonius is found from the preface (vv. 18-22) in which refuses to tell a traditional theme such as construction of the ship Argo:

Νῆα μὲν then, the more severe prosthen kleiousin vocalists
argon Athena kameein ypothimosynῃsi ·
now d if I genein tech and Huns mythisaimin
Heroes horsegram tech resources Alos, Ossa t 'erexan
plazomenoi · Muses d ypofitores eien also.

Questo intervento è piuttosto interessante in quanto rappresenta una cosciente presa di posizione del poeta nei confronti della tradizione poetica a lui anteriore e ci permette di capire in che rapporto stanno le Argonautica with that line of epic poetry, unfortunately we lost by focusing on the myth of the Argonauts.
But in subsequent direct involvement of you can shed some light, though only partially, also on the attitude of the poet to reality. I refer in particular to a pessimistic attitude towards human life and suffering. In our modern understanding this could imply a nihilistic and materialistic view of man. In fact, for an ancient author, things are not in these terms, as in greek thought (think of the tragedy) the dramatic power coscienza della precaria condizione esistenziale dell'uomo non implica necessariamente una messa in discussione degli dei e del divino. Semmai, si può dire che la riflessione sull'esistenza umana non fa altro che approfondire il solco che separa nettamente i mortali dagli dei. In Apollonio, dunque, non assistiamo ad una vera e propria ridiscussione o critica del mondo divino (che è sempre presente se non altro come elemento della tradizione epica arcaica), ma ad una convergenza della visuale del poeta sulle azioni e sulla psiche umana visti come elementi autonomi rispetto al mondo degli immortali. Tanto è vero che, mentre in Omero la responsabilità individuale molto spesso è legata ad un intervento divino sulla psiche di un personaggio, in Apollonio, pur non scomparendo la tradizionale “regia divina” sui fatti umani, viene indagato in maniera approfondita il formarsi di una volontà o di un sentimento in quanto atto proprio dell'io del personaggio (si pensi all'amore di Medea). Analizziamo, dunque, alcuni interventi significativi dell'autore.

Il primo passo appartiene al Catalogo degli argonauti. Apollonio introduce la figura di Canto e Mopso, destinati a morire in Libia senza poter tornare in patria (vv. 77-85):

Αὐτὰρ ἀπ' Εὐβοίης Κάνθος κίε, Ra Kanithos
pempen Avantiadis leliimenon · my hand was going
nostisein Kirinthos relapse, agar aisa hEN
him but Mopson tech daimona mantosynaon
planchthentas Libya dῃothinai upon temptation.
So essential to men epafrein evil non-believers, 82
oppote and aid him too Livyῃ tarchysanto,
tosson ekas Colchians osson tech of the sun approximately
messigys intractable IS and antolai eisoroontai.

In questi versi il poeta interviene quasi per compiangere la sorte dei suoi personaggi. Nessun dolore, commenta il poeta, è troppo lontano dalla vita umana (v. 82). Si noti che tale lontananza del male viene efficacemente ripresa visivamente dal poeta nella distanza geografica che separa la Libia della Colchide e nei due opposti punti di alba e tramonto. In tal modo, dunque, l'amaro sfogo personale viene ricondotto sul piano dell'azione e, come tale, non viene più percepito come estraneo alla materia cantata.
L'umana partecipazione di Apollonio alla morte di Canto e di Mopso si ritrova nel quarto libro del poema in occasione della descrizione della fine degli eroi (vv. 1485-1512). Qui il poeta non può far altro che constatare lapidariamente l'ineluttabilità della morte (v. 1504):

... Οὐ γάρ τις ἀποτροπίη θανάτοιο.

Below is an example of some that scientific rationality seems to be one component of the mentality of a cultured man of the Hellenistic period: in commenting on the death of MOPS, caused by the bite of a snake, the poet lets go to an almost blasphemous statement about the healing capacity of Apollo (called peony). Apollonius, in fact, declares, albeit reluctantly, that not even Apollo himself could heal a wound like that (vv. 1505-1512):

κεῖτο γὰρ ἐν ψαμάθοισι, μεσημβρινὸν ἦμαρ ἀλύσκων,
δεινὸς ὄφις, νωθὴς μὲν ἑκὼν ἀέκοντα χαλέψαι,
οὐδ' ἂν ὑποτρέσσαντος ἐνωπαδὶς aixeien ·
But whom be the first central ion remains melanchimon
zoonotic what earth feresvios empnoa grazes,
not even 's Aida oposon pichyion gignetai οἷμος,
οὐδ 'εἰ Παιήων (εἴ μοι θέμις ἀμφαδὸν εἰπεῖν)
φαρμάσσοι, ὅτε μοῦνον ἐνιχρίμψῃσιν ὀδοῦσιν.

Returning to the first book (vv. 1035-1039), the poet lets go to another intervention of compassion / lament for the suffering human. This is the sad episode of Cyzicus, The King of Dolioni is tragically killed by Jason in response to an unfortunate error that has prevented the two peoples to identify themselves. The need, therefore, this story ends up Apollonius see how dramatically the fate is nothing but a network 2 (1036) that sooner or later is bound to ensnare us:

ὁ δ ' ἐνὶ ψαμάθοισιν ἐλυσθείς 1034
μοῖραν ἀνέπλησεν. THE GAR oupot Themis' alyxai
thnitoisin, he is always on the mega digested erkos ·
until, that oiomenon adefkeos ektothen automatic
He is aristion, αὐτῇ ὑπὸ νυκτὶ πέδησεν
μαρνάμενον κείνοισι.

In the fourth book, however, starting from the anxiety of the wedding of Jason and Medea, celebrated among the Phoenicians under the threat of Colchis who would like to take possession of Medea, the poet (vv. 1165-1169) observed as bitter suffering is always ready to disturb and interrupt the brief moments of happiness

ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὔποτε φῦλα δυηπαθέων ἀνθρώπων
τερπωλῆς ἐπέβημεν ὅλῳ ποδί, σὺν δέ τις αἰεί
πικρὴ παρμέμβλωκεν ἐυφροσύνῃσιν ἀνίη·
τῶ καὶ τούς, γλυκερῇ περ ἰαινομένους φιλότητι,
δεῖμ 'ἔχεν εἰ τελέοιτο διάκρισις Ἀλκινόοιο.

A happiness that, in hindsight, is not one that could come from the joys of love. Like many other ancient authors Apollonius, in fact, sees Eros as the most insane passion bearer of pain rather than feeling able to produce happiness. In the fourth step libro leggiamo una dichiarazione fondamentale per capire il rapporto fra il poeta e la materia cantata. Si tratta di una imprecazione ad Eros in cui viene condannato l'influsso negativo 3 di questo sentimento sulle persone (vv. 445-449):

Schetli Eros, scalings mega, mega Styx to men ,
on sethen oulomenai t Eris stonachai HE HE gooi,
algae t 'but upon toisin boundless tetrichasin ·
adverse upon Paisios korysseo demon aertheis
oios Mideiῃ stygerin fresin ἔμβαλες ἄτην.

Although Eros is the source of the success of the enterprise, not escapes Apollonius whole series of negative consequences that that entails. Hard not to think that such an intervention in the poet had in mind (as well as a centuries-old poetic tradition that had largely dealt with the theme of love as a source of suffering), the dramatic scenes of Euripides' Medea in which effects of the passion of Medea for Jason were taken to the extreme.

Anxiety the poet is also evident towards the end of the fourth book (vv. 1673-1677) in a passage that describes the evil spell of Medea made the giant Talos:

Ζεῦ πάτερ, ἦ μέγα δή μοι ἐνὶ φρεσὶ θάμβος ἄηται,
εἰ δὴ μὴ νούσοισι τυπῇσί τε μοῦνον ὄλεθρος
antiaei, particularly the apoprothen Ammes chaleptei,
as a oge, approx Halkios areas, ypoeixe daminai
Let no one vrimῃ polypharmacy ·

What disturbs Apollonius is not so much the death of Talos, as the ways in which it was submitted. This is essentially the dismay towards what we call "paranormal", ie that area where even the brightest light of the Apollonian rationality gives way to darkness of the mystery and concern. We could almost say that one of the most characteristic features of the poetics of Argonautica the ἀμηχανία 4, and also to some extent a reflection of the personality of their author.

Just like in ' opening words of the poem emerged in the foreground the personality of the poet (I, vv. 18-22), so in closing Apollonius work reappears in first person as if to to greet his audience and his characters with the hope of obtaining the desired reward poetic immortality (IV, 1773-1781):

Ἵλατ 'ἀριστῆες, μακάρων γένος, αἵδε δ' ἀοιδαί
εἰς year on eteos glykeroterai eien sing
to men gar · already upon Klytia peirath 'able
yours fatigue after Did not the NY ymmin Aethlios
αὖτις ἀπ' Αἰγίνηθεν ἀνερχομένοισιν ἐτύχθη,
οὐδ' ἀνέμων ἐριωλαὶ ἐνέσταθεν, ἀλλὰ ἕκηλοι
γαῖαν Κεκροπίην παρά τ' Αὐλίδα μετρήσαντες
Euboea entosthen Opountion 't funny Lokron,
aspasios Pagasiidas eisapevite shores.



NOTE

1 In realtà vi sono diversi casi in cui il poeta si rivolge or to the Muses, a character, or the listener. See in particular V. Di Benedetto, In the laboratory of Homer , Torino 1998, pp. 38-45.
2 This is an image already used in tragedy see. Soph., For ., 60; Eur Med., 986.
3 Some famous literary precedents on this issue: Archilochus (West frr. 191-193-196), Sappho (47-130 frr. Voigt), Sophocles ( Ant., 781-801 ). L 'incipit turns out to be probably a tribute to Theognis (II, 1231-1234): Σχέτλι' Eros, in maniai tithinisanto lavousai / EC sethen oleto while Troy Acropolis / oleto d Aigeidis great Theseus, oleto d Ajax / esthlos Oiliadis siisin atasthaliais. On this subject cf. also C. Calame, The Greeks and Eros. Symbols, practices, places , trans. com., Roma-Bari 1992, pp. 10-11.
4 On this subject cf. M. Fusillo, Apollonius of Rhodes, in "The literary space of ancient Greece, Vol I, Tomo II, pp. 132-133.

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

Le Creuset Numbers On Bottom

Le origini delle rivolte in Nord Africa e Medio Oriente. Le ragioni dei pessimisti.

Less than ten years ago Bernard Lewis in his seminal The crisis of 'Islam (2004, p.. 103) wrote:

" The combination of low productivity and high rate of Childbirth in the Middle East contributes to the formation of an unstable mixture, composed of a large and growing extent of young unemployed, uneducated and frustrated. According to all indices of the United Nations, the World Bank and other authorities, the Arab countries - in areas like creating jobs, the 'education, technology, and productivity - are even further behind in relation to' the West. Worse yet, the Arab nations are also back with the more recent recruits to Western-style modernity, such as Korea, Taiwan and Singapore "

considerations of Professor Lewis is still largely illuminating, though PROBLEMS: today to highlight the extraordinary growth in large countries like China, 'India and Brazil.
In their rapid growth was accompanied by an increase in food prices, which many considered one of the main triggers of the riots.
Sergio Romano on Panorama of February 24, 2011, p.. 109, writes:

"Revolutions are often ideological. But generally when the riots broke out hunger in the streets draws together university students, the populace of the suburbs, the unemployed, the workers to whom the salary no longer guarantees a decent survival. Those of Tunis, Cairo and Alexandria have erupted when the 'increase in consumption in emerging countries (China, India and Brazil), along with famine in the countryside of China, caused the sudden surge in food prices. "

see how all the inhabitants of the countries in revolt? With whose eyes read these devastating effects of globalization? Three key elements seem to be highlighted.
The first, too often overlooked, is represented by the exacerbated sensitivity and historical awareness of Muslims and Arabs in particular.
writes Bernard Lewis in 'work cited above, p.. 5:
"The Muslim peoples, like all peoples of the world, sono stati plasmati dalla loro storia, ma a differenza di altri ne sono fortemente consapevoli".
Fin dall' infanzia i musulmani vengono formati nella memoria di un grande passato. Tale memoria contribuisce ad accrescere la delusione per il presente.
Si deve poi sottolineare la lunga sopravvivenza, pressochè nell' intera regione, di sistemi caratterizzati da un forte ruolo dello stato nell' economia. Iraq, Siria, Egitto, Libia, Algeria. In questi paesi i regimi autoritari baathisti o socialisti hanno costruito società in cui sempre più gli individui chiedevano allo stato, non al proprio lavoro, la soddisfazione dei bisogni fondamentali. E lo stato riusciva a trovare un minimo Consensus is often only through the sale of oil and gas or aid of superpowers. In these societies is a widespread mentality in many ways similar to that of the 'Soviet man' state-dependent as described by scholars of the 'Soviet Union and Soviet systems (see, for everybody, Victor Zaslavsky, History of the Soviet system , 2009, p.. 182 et seq.).
Also to be highlighted were the effects of new technologies. Internet and satellite transmissions, thus allowing surface contact, unfortunately, usually with modernity, with its opportunities and, more often, with his promises. In this contact the roots widespread unrealistic expectations which presumably have driven many young people to rise against the corrupt and authoritarian rulers.

On this basis we can surmise what developments? In the medium term the riots will produce damage to national economies. Less tourists, less foreign investment, less production, more unemployment, more emigration.
The hoped-for democratic development could lead to an increase in public spending, debt and 'influence of religious fundamentalism.
No hope for these people? It 's impossible to predict the future. And you can not control chaotic processes such as those in place. If someone thought to succeed in these companies and take advantage of it is wrong. By new arrangements and awareness will emerge perhaps good news. But in history the worst is always possible.

Custom Green Egg Tables

Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, III, 744-752: A SHORT COURSE OF NIGHT SCENE BETWEEN OLD



Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica , III, 744-752: A SHORT COURSE OF NIGHT SCENE BETWEEN OLD


In the third book of the Argonautica Apollonius in describing the changing and contradictory attitude towards his love of Medea for Jason puts a beautiful scene in which it is opposed to the mood of heroin to calm restless night (vv. 744-752):

Νὺξ μὲν ἔπειτ 'ἐπὶ γαῖαν ἄγεν κνέφας, οἱ δ' ἐνὶ πόντῳ
ναυτίλοι Elikin in tech and stars Orion 745
edrakon on the ships, he and the ypnoio oditis
already eeldeto pylaoros, and Tina boys
mother τεθνεώτων ἀδινὸν περὶ κῶμ' ἐκάλυπτεν,
οὐδὲ κυνῶν ὑλακὴ ἔτ' ἀνὰ πτόλιν, οὐ θρόος ἦεν
ἠχήεις, σιγὴ δὲ μελαινομένην ἔχεν ὄρφνην· 750
ἀλλὰ μάλ 'οὐ Μήδειαν ἐπὶ γλυκερὸς λάβεν ὕπνος.
πολλὰ γὰρ Αἰσονίδαο πόθῳ μελεδήματ 'ἔγειρεν

Medea Chalciope sister has just promised to help with her magic arts Phrixus and Jason's children to pass the tests imposed by the father EETAA. In this context, So you enter the evocative image of a night that comes, so to speak, to take a deserved rest and to human activities than to those of nature as a whole. In this handful of verses, the poet describes an entire macrocosm through rapid and precise strokes that give us an image rather than actual reality: the sailors (vv. 744-746), a traveler and a guardian (vv. 746-747) a mother who has lost his children (vv. 747-748), dogs (see 749) and the silence of the night (v. 750). Insomnia Medea (the more dramatic when compared to the sleep of poor mother without children), which can be seen as a conflict between individual and environment, it is undoubtedly moderno e vicino a quella sensibilità che il Romanticismo ha saputo ben valorizzare nel corso della sua evoluzione storica. Tuttavia, dietro a questi versi che sembrano anticipare di secoli una certa sensibilità moderna è possibile intravvedere l'eco di alcuni autori greci che Apollonio dovette indubbiamente tenere presente. In effetti a livello letterario la situazione dell'insonnia di un personaggio contrapposta al sonno degli altri trova un importante precedente in un passo dell' Iliade in cui viene descritto il dubbio di Zeus riguardo ai modi per aiutare Achille (II, 1-4):

Ἄλλοι μέν ῥα θεοί tech and amounted ippokorystai
evdon pannychioi, Jupiter d essential having nidymos sleep,
but who is ce mermirize Against Achilles as a brake
timisῃ, olesῃ δὲ πολέας ἐπὶ νηυσὶν Ἀχαιῶν.

The situation returns back to X, 1-4, where, however, this time it is insomnia of Agamemnon:

Ἄλλοι μὲν παρὰ νηυσὶν ἀριστῆες Παναχαιῶν
εὗδον παννύχιοι μαλακῷ dedmimenoi ypnῳ ·
But essential Atreidin Agamemnon shepherd
sweet sleep having many things fresin ormainonta.

Nell ' Odissea , invece, Atena recatasi a Lacedemone per incitare Telemaco a tornare ad Itaca, trova il figlio di Nestore addormentato nell'atrio e Telemaco insonne a causa delle preoccupazioni per il destino del padre (vv. 1-7):

the d Lacedaemon in Pallas Athena evrychoron
ᾤchet 'Odyssios magnanimousness faidimon son
homesickness reminders and otryneousa neesthai.
placement brokers But Telemachus and Nestor's son Aglaia
evdont 'In prodomῳ kydalimoio Menelaus, 5
ie alive or Nestoridin malakῷ dedmimenon ypnῳ ·
Telemachus, Is not having a sweet sleep, but to aid thymῷ
night self amvrosiin meledimata egeiren father.

Passando da Omero ai lirici il passaggio al celebre notturno di Alcmane (fr. 89 Page) risulta obbligatorio anche se problematico:

εὕδουσι δ' ὀρέων κορυφαί τε καὶ φάραγγες
πρώονές τε καὶ χαράδραι
φῦλά τ' ἑρπέτ' ὅσα τρέφει black earth
Thireas t 'oreskoioi and bee genus
and knodal' In venthessi purple alos ·
evdousi d sacrifices tanypterygon tribes.

of this elegant and evocative description of the peace at night, evoked through a detailed list of places and animals, unfortunately, completely ignore the context. We do not know, because if it is a description an end in itself or whether it was opposed to concerns of one or more persons. Although we do not have the opportunity to understand the full value of the fragment Alcman, it is not implausible to think, just based on the above scenes of night, the stillness of the night was a way to mark a human emotion in stark contrast to the peace . A possible confirmation of this hypothesis could also come from a well-known and controversial piece Sappho (168 Voigt b)

δέδυκε μὲν ἁ σελάνα
καὶ Πληϊάδες, μέσαι δὲ
νύκτες, παρὰ δ 'ἔρχεθ' ὥρα ·
ἐγὼ δὲ μόνα καθεύδω.

Disregarding for a moment the thorny question of Sappho in the allocation (even if a famous study Marzullo 1 appear to show the belonging to the fragment corpus the poet of Lesbos), the situation described in these verses does not appear too different from the substance of the other Clubs run up to this moment: a macrocosm that follows a natural order (in this case represented by the movement of the stars) and that is a sort of peace in the stillness of the night, contrasts with the loneliness and, by implication, the restlessness of the protagonist of the poem.
back there in the Hellenistic Age ' Idyll of Theocritus II a brief image of the night when ormai appare esplicito, esattamente come in Apollonio, il riferimento erotico (vv. 33-36):

ἠνίδε σιγῇ μὲν πόντος, σιγῶντι δ' ἀῆται·
ἁ δ' ἐμὰ οὐ σιγῇ στέρνων ἔντοσθεν ἀνία,
ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τήνῳ πᾶσα καταίθομαι ὅς με τάλαιναν
ἀντὶ γυναικὸς ἔθηκε κακὰν καὶ ἀπάρθενον ἦμεν.

Simeto These are the words of the woman in love that makes even obscure magical practices to win back his love. The reference to the context of the night we get from the previous mention of the moon (vv. 10-11).

In this brief journey through poems of different eras can not miss the reference to Virgil, the Latin poet who was able to rework the earlier Greek literary tradition in the light of experience Latin poetry. The entire fourth book of ' Aeneid, for example, is in many ways a tribute to Apollonius as the poet has built the image of Dido through the figure of the poet's Medea Hellenistic. Just in this section of the poem we find a direct resumption of night Apollonius refers to Dido (vv. 522-532):

Nox erat 2 et placidum carpebant fessa soporem
corpora per terras, siluaeque et saeua quierant
aequora, cum medio uoluuntur sidera lapsu,
cum tacet omnis ager, pecudes pictaeque uolucres, 525
quaeque lacus late liquidos quaeque aspera dumis
rura tenent, somno positae sub nocte silenti,
lenibant curas et corda oblita laborum.
at non infelix animi Phoenissa, neque umquam
soluitur in somnos oculisue aut pectore noctem
accipit: ingeminant curae rursusque resurgens
saeuit amor magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu.




In questi versi not only hear the echo of Apollonius, but there is also the night Alcman throughout the series of specific references to animals and, say, even the reference to Theocritus 3 (v. 525 Tacet ; σιγῶντι v. 33).

In conclusion of this short path that led us to Apollonius Rhodius Virgil carry some lines taken from Ovid's Epistulae ex Ponto (III, 3, vv. 1 et seq. ) in which the poet combines literary topos the night with that vision in a dream. Ovid, in fact, imagine that during a moonlit night in which it had dozed off to sleep appears suddenly to awaken love. From the dialogue between Ovid and the god is taken the cue to talk about the personal situation of the poet (the exile) and the literary choices (as opposed to epic poetry loving Journal). I said there, so to speak, a merger between the two topoi , the fact that if at the beginning of Ovid's poem seems to describe a real apparition that can interrupt sleep later 4 (vv. 93-94) is suggested doubt that it was just a dream. However, what is to be stressed is the fact that this text presents a contrast between the situation of a night's sleep is something that occurs to disrupt and interfere with normal sleep of the protagonist. Whether it's an apparition or a dream, then it matters little, because in both cases there always remains such a contrast:




It uacat exiguum tempus give refugee friend,
o sidus Fabiae, Maxime, gentis, ades,
dum tibi quae uidi refero, seu corporis umbra
seu ueri species seu fuit ille sopor.
Nox erat et bifores intrabat luna fenestras,
mense fere medio quanta nitere solet.
Publica me requies curarum somnus habebat
fusaque erant toto languida membra toro,
cum subito pennis agitatus inhorruit aer
et gemuit paruo mota fenestra sono.
Territus in cubitum releuo mea membra sinistrum,
pulsus et e trepido pectore somnus abit.
Stabat Amor, uultu non quo prius esse solebat,
fulcra tenens laeua tristis acerna manu,
nec torquem collo neque habens crinale capillo
nec bene dispositas comptus ut ante comas.
Horrida pendebant molles super ora capilli
et uisa est oculis horrida penna meis,
qualis in aeriae tergo solet esse columbae
tractatam multae quam tetigere manus. 20



1 Cfr. B. Marzullo, Studi di poesia eolica , Firenze 1958.
2 incipit see why. also III, 147, VIII, 26.
3 The reference to Theocritus is likely when you consider the fact that this step of the 'Aeneid is preceded by a scene of their dark magic. See E. Cesareo, Studies Virgil I. Exploring teocritei epic in Virgil, "Athenaeum" VII, 1929, p. 173 et seq.
4 But already in the opening verses. 3-4. Useless emphasize that this is fiction.