From January to 'the drama took place in August 1968 the so-called Prague Spring. The Czechoslovakian Communist Party, led by Alexander Dubcek new secretary, tried to reform the Communist regime. The attempt was crushed by 'invasion of an expeditionary force of the Pact Warsaw. The Italian Communist Party expressed "grave disapproval." But
Cossutta , manager of the PCI which had close relations with the Soviets said: "D 'Alema says that after his Prague became anti-Soviet generation. I find it amazing. There was a chill in relations, but never break, never choose the path of selflessness. D 'Alema know, and also said that we were at the height of the Cold War and that the' U.S. imperialism was still operating in Vietnam. "
http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2008/agosto/19/Praga_invasa_non_rese_Pci_co_9_080819118.shtml
In 1972 he became secretary Enrico Berlinguer del PCI.
Tra il 1974 ed il 1975 il parlamento italiano si occupò del finanziamento dei partiti. Previde forme di finanziamento pubblico e sanzioni penali per i finanziamenti fuori legge. Ciononostante, nel solo periodo dal 1973 al 1979, secondo la documentazione sovietica esaminata dal professor Zaslavsky e citata da Ernesto Galli della Loggia nel suo Tre giorni nella storia d' Italia, il Partito comunista italiano ricevette dall' Unione Sovietica 32-33 milioni di dollari.
Nella seconda metà degli anni Settanta i Sovietici alterarono l' equilibrio delle forze nucleari di teatro in Europa dispiegando i missili a medio raggio SS-20, montati su rampe mobili, con una gittata di 5000 chilometri e tre testate. In response, at the request of Helmut Schmidt, Social Democrat chancellor of West Germany, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization decided in 1979 to begin at once to 'installation of American Pershing and cruise missiles on European territory, and negotiations with the Soviets to seek a reduction at the lowest possible level of these nuclear weapons in theater.
Helmut Schmidt writes in his men in power (1988, p.. 78):
'D' on the other hand, however, Moscow was able to observe how, during 1979, precisely the resolution of Guadeloupe sparked reactions mixed in 'public opinion of the States Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The Kremlin legò, così, grandi speranze all' opposizione dilagante in diversi paesi e, con ogni mezzo, cercò di alimentarla".
Le direttive sovietiche furono prontamente eseguite in Italia dal Partito comunista di Berlinguer, che si oppose strenuamente allo spiegamento in territorio italiano dei missili americani cruise.
Nonostante tale opposizione queste armi furono collocate in Sicilia, a Comiso, con il consenso dei governi italiani dell' epoca e l' appoggio parlamentare determinante del Partito socialista italiano di Bettino Craxi.
Risale invece al 2005 una conversazione al Council on Foreign Relations di New York con Richard N. Gardner, ambasciatore americano in Italia durante la presidenza Carter (1977-1981) , brani della quale vengono di seguito riportati e riassunti.
http://www.cfr.org/publication/9009/winning_the_cold_war_jimmy_carters_forgotten_role_rush_transcript_federal_news_service.html?breadcrumb=default
"There was a great debate in this house, at the council and in other places—what was Italian communism? Was it Euro-communism that sounded—you know, you call it Euro-communism, sounded rather benign? Was this fellow, Berlinguer really a social democrat? Or were these people really so tied to Moscow and so linked to Marxism and Leninism that if they took over it would be a real threat to NATO?"
Cos' era Italian Communism? Berlinguer was really a social democrat? These people could pose a real threat to NATO?
"I Took That very seriously. I Said, we are going to combat the Communists, But using public diplomacy. We're not going to finance political parties. We're not going to be-there are no dirty tricks. We're not going to manipulated events. That Carter and Brzezinski insisted on as well. And That Was The Way We approached the problem. "
's administration adopted a U.S. public diplomacy. Not finance political parties. Not to manipulate events.
"Now, we're getting to the, you know, heart of the problem. That truly believe if I HAD gotten the Communists into the government, It Would Have Been a disaster for the United States and for NATO-Because do not forget, this political party Was receiving large financial subsidies from the Soviet Union throughout this whole period. In fact, the subsidies Did not stop until the late 1980s.
I believe that if the Communists have entered the government, would be a disaster for the United States and NATO. Italian Communists have received major funding from the Soviets, until the late eighties (in 1989 the Berlin Wall fell in 1991 is less than the 'Soviet Union)
"Berlinguer, Despi the reputation he HAD Some quarters as Being very Evolved towards social democracy, repeatedly affirmed his links to the Soviet Union, to the Soviet foreign policy, to Marxism-Leninism. I quote all those speeches here. And what really annoyed me—and I think you’ll understand why—how annoyed I was—was when Berlinguer and leaders of the communist party, after the kidnaping of Aldo Moro, tried to convince the people of Italy that behind the Moro kidnaping was the United States. And the argument was, Moro was going to bring the communists to power, which was not true. He assured me many times—Aldo Moro—that he wasn’t going to do that. And therefore, the Americans did this to prevent the communist entry into the government".
Berlinguer ripetutamente confermò its links with the 'Soviet Union, Soviet foreign policy, with Marxism-Leninism. I was annoyed that Berlinguer of the PCI and the leaders have tried to convince the Italians that behind the kidnapping of Moro c 'being the United States. Their argument was that Moro was carrying Communists in the government. But he assured me several times that the 'would do.
"But I Quickly Became Convinced That Their entry into government with ministerial positions Would Have Meant to Fundamental reorientation in Italy, Both In Its Domestic Economic Policy and Its foreign policy. And, Had They Come in, We Would Never Have the deployed cruise missiles, and that's Another Part of the story-(inaudible)-I want to get to".
L' entrata dei comunisti nel governo avrebbe significato un riorientamento fondamentale della politica italiana, interna ed estera. E non avremmo mai schierato i missili cruise .
"Brezhnev thought he could intimidate us—and Europe, in particular—by deploying the SS20 missiles, which were very powerful, sophisticated, mobile weapons, capable of hitting anyplace in Western Europe; and the Backfire bomber. And Helmut Schmidt in his famous speech in London at the IISS said, this is changing the whole equation. This is putting in doubt the American deterrent because this is a threat to Europe. And will the Americans risk New York and Washington if we’re hit by these terrible new weapons?"
Brezhnev pensava di poter intimidire noi e l' Europa con le nuove potenti armi. Schmidt disse che esse mutavano l' intero equilibrio e mettevano in dubbio il deterrente americano perchè erano una minaccia per l' Europa. Gli americani avrebbero messo a rischio New York e Washington se gli europei fossero stati colpiti da queste terribili nuove armi?
"So Helmut Schmidt said, we’ve got to balance this. We have to restore the Euro strategic balance. We must put some weapons in Europe to countervail these weapons. So Schmidt then said, I’ve got a problem politically. I’m a Social Democrat. This is not easy for me. I need one other country in Western Europe, not counting Britain—it’s got to be a continental country-to take something, Either the cruise or Pershing missiles.
Well, they're asked Belgium, no; Netherlands, no, Denmark, no, Greece and Turkey out to lunch, whatever. "
Schmidt said we need to restore the 'strategic balance in Europe. But I have a political problem, being a social democrat . I need another country to take the continental Western European cruise or Pershing missiles.
"I know, THEY SAID, my God! We've got to get the Italians. And the National Security Council Said, the Italians! I mean, look, they've got the largest communist party in Western Europe. It will never happen. So I get a telegram Gardner, the buck stops with you. You’ve got to do it.
Well, by great good luck—by great good luck—in June of 1979, for the first time in the post-war period, the communists lost votes. And the communist threat to enter the government ended. That was a miracle because then the next month, a wonderful man—Francesco Cossiga—became prime minister, formed a government without the communists. I went to see him, gave him a top secret document explaining why we needed Italy to help us.
He said, look, this is not going to be easy in our parliament. But if you tell me it’s required for western security, I will do it. And he went to Bettino Craxi, the socialist leader—and remember, the socialist party had never supported NATO. They Were not friendly to the U.S. ".
In June 1979, fortunately, for the first time after the war, the Communists lost votes. And the threat to join the Communist government was over. A wonderful man - Francesco Cossiga - became the first Minister and formed a government without the Communists. And then he went Craxi, a Socialist Party leader who had never supported the NATO. The Socialists were not friends of the USA.
Well, Despi That description, the Craxi, who Perhaps has a bad reputation with many of you Because of the corruption scandals, he Took The decision to support it.
So with the government of Cossiga, Which Was a minority government, and the vote of the Socialists, we got the cruise missiles in the Italian parliament approved, Against the opposition, of course, of the Communists and radicals.
Craxi decided to support it. So with the minority government of Cossiga and the vote of the Socialists, the Italian parliament approved the cruise missiles, against the 'opposition of the Communists and the radical left.
Even the words of Gardner highlight the moral and political responsibilities of the leaders of the Italian Communist Party. While large Western democracies faced the 'Soviet Union, one of the worst and cruelest totalitarian regimes in history, the Italian Communists will agree to finance and execute the directives.
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