L 'uprising of sailors at Kronstadt , violently repressed by the Bolshevik leaders in March 1921, closed a period of tragedy for Russia. The civil war and immediately attempt to build communism had caused the fall of the industrial and agricultural production, with a terrible famine. The millions of deaths, strikes and riots led Lenin to make a "step back" to consolidate the regime. The the March 15, 1921, while he was in the process of X Party Congress, and he proposed to adopt a new economic policy: the NEP.
The breakthrough led to the replacement of requisitioning of agricultural products with a tax in kind, ad una parziale liberalizzazione del commercio e dell' industria, all' ingresso di investitori ed imprenditori stranieri. Fu accompagnata dall' eliminazione di ogni opposizione. Il partito bolscevico rafforzò il monopolio del potere, realizzando una completa coincidenza fra lo stato ed il partito stesso.
L' approvvigionamento alimentare della popolazione urbana migliorò. Solo la produzione industriale raggiunse il livello prebellico, non anche il salario reale degli operai. Crebbe la disoccupazione.
Scrivono, con riferimento a questa effimera fase della storia russa, nella loro insuperata Storia dell' URSS (pagg. 142 e 143 ed. 1984), gli storici Geller e Nekric:
'The era became the "tawny" because, next to the new hierarchy of values \u200b\u200bcreated by the revolution, he dusted off the old. I nepmany - these capitalists authorized by the Soviet authorities - not involved in the governance of the state, they live, in a sense, on a kind of volcano, with 'uncertainty about the future but, meanwhile, have money and can buy everything you could want their souls nepmana. In the cities there is at' opening of casinos and cabarets, appear fiacres and luxury cars, furs and jewelry.
But the new economic policy was inevitably destined to arouse discontent in the ranks of the party Communist power, because it appeared a total betrayal of revolutionary ideals. It was the period when he rose famously asked indignantly: for what we fought for? "
Not only entrepreneurs, but these reforms were suspended in a precarious traits often surreal. The NEP did not produce a rapid industrialization and full employment. L 'utopia, the' ideology, the dream revolutionaries prevailed.
Writes the late Professor Victor Zaslavsky in his History of the Soviet system (page 79, and II., rest. 2009):
"... the NEP has been in the history del potere sovietico l' unico tentativo di abbinare un' economia di mercato controllata dallo Stato al sistema politico monopartitico che mirava a realizzare un programma radicale di modernizzazione. Il fallimento di questo tentativo ha avuto conseguenze determinanti per l' evoluzione del sistema in direzione dello stalinismo".
La Nuova politica economica, il cui fallimento era già evidente nel 1926, venne abbandonata definitivamente da Stalin nel dicembre del 1929. Si compì la collettivizzazione violenta delle campagne, l' industrializzazione a tappe forzate e la militarizzazione dell' intero apparato produttivo.
I comunisti conquistarono il potere China, excluding Taiwan, in 1949. For nearly thirty years 'regime forced the country to suffer the tragic events of' the Soviet Union. The violent collectivization of the countryside, trying to quickly build the 'communist utopia, the' forced industrialization and inefficient, the harsh repression of dissent caused millions of victims.
In 1976, Mao Tse-tung died. In 1978 Deng Xiaoping came to power , which takes cautious 's construction of a' socialist market economy . As in the old Soviet NEP 's goal is, while the preservation of the Communist Party of the close monopoly of power and modernization associated with a rapid economic development.
But today the tragic impasse of 'communist utopia has already been made to the end. All crimes and possible errors were committed. The smart-looking and current Chinese leaders are well aware. They try to build a sophisticated authoritarianism able to be a dangerous competitor of the Western democracies, even in terms of 'efficiency.
To read:
- Mihail GELLER and Aleksandr NEKRIC, History of 'Soviet Union from 1917 to today.
- Victor Zaslavsky, History of the Soviet system.
- Francois Furet, 's past an 'illusion.
- Bertrand Russell, Theory and Practice of Bolshevism.
- Arthur Koestler, Arrow in 'blue.
- Arthur Koestler, Invisible Writing .
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